Propolis
πρόπολις
Propolis word originating from two ancient Greek words πρό (pro-, means “before or in defense”) and πολις (polis, means “city”), simply refers to the harboring or defense of the hive. Propolis is bees’ natural defense that rich in biologically active substances, such as polyphenols, essentials and aromatic oils that strengthens the organism’s defense.
Scientific Evidences on Propolis
There are a lot of scientific research on propolis. These are some of the major findings on propolis benefit published on prestigious world-renowned journals and conducted by various researchers.

Anti-bacterial
Fights against bacteria.
- Antibacterial properties of propolis (bee glue) (Journal of the Royal Society of Med)
- Antibacterial activity of propolis against Staphylococcus aureus (International Journal of Food Microbiology)
- The effect of bee propolis on oral pathogens and human gingival fibroblasts (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Antibacterial Properties of Propolis (Molecules)
- Antibacterial Activity of Propolis and Honey Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (African Journal of Microbiology Research)
- Antibacterial Activity of Propolis versus Conventional Endodontic Disinfectants against Enterococcus faecalis in Infected Dentinal Tubules (Journal of Endodontics)
- Development of propolis nanoemulsion with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity for use as a potential natural preservative (Food Chemistry)
- Synergistic effect of propolis and antibiotics on the Salmonella Typhi (Brazilian Journal of Microbiology)
- Beyond the Biological Effect of a Chemically Characterized Poplar Propolis: Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity and Comparison with Flurbiprofen in Cytokines Release by LPS-Stimulated Human Mononuclear Cells (Biomedicines)
- Microbiological control and antibacterial action of a propolis-containing mouthwash and control of dental plaque in humans (Natural Product Research)
- Synergistic Effects of Honey and Propolis toward Drug Multi-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli and Candida Albicans Isolates in Single and Polymicrobial Cultures (International Journal of Medical Sciences)
- etc.

Anti-virus
Fights against virus.
- Optimization and evaluation of propolis liposomes as a promising therapeutic approach for COVID-19 (International Journal of Pharmaceutics)
- Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease: Running title: Propolis against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 (Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy)
- Anti-influenza Virus Effect of Some Propolis Constituents and Their Analogues (Esters of Substituted Cinnamic Acids) (Journal of Natural Products)
- Anti-Influenza Virus Activity of Propolis in Vitro and its Efficacy against Influenza Infection in Mice (Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy)
- Synergistic Effect of Flavones and Flavonols Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Cell Culture. Comparison with the Antiviral Activity of Propolis (Journal of Natural Products)
- Anti-HIV-1 activity of propolis in CD4+ lymphocyte and microglial cell cultures (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Anti-herpes simplex virus effect of an aqueous extract of propolis. (The Israel Medical Association Journal)
- Effects of propolis flavonoids on virus infectivity and replication (Microbiologica)
- Comparison of the Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Activities of Propolis and 3-Methyl-but-2-enyl Caffeate (Journal of Natural Products)
- Propolis as an alternative treatment for cutaneous warts (International Journal of Dermatology)
- etc.

Anti-fungal
Fights against fungal.
- In vitro activity of Propolis alcoholic extract on opportunistic pathogenic fungi (International Journal of Research in Applied and Basic Medical Sciences)
- Physical and antifungal properties of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose based films containing propolis as affected by moisture content (Carbohydrate Polymers)
- Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of antifungal components from propolis against Penicillium italicum (Food Chemistry)
- Antifungal Activity of Propolis Extract Against Yeasts Isolated from Vaginal Exudates (The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine)
- Antifungal activity and influence of propolis against germ tube formation as a critical virulence attribute by clinical isolates of Candida albicans (Journal de Mycologie Médicale)
- The “in vitro” antifungal activity evaluation of propolis G12 ethanol extract on Cryptococcus neoformans (Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo)
- Antibacterial, antifungal, antiamoebic, antiinflammatory and antipyretic studies on propolis bee products (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Antifungal Activity of the Honeybee Products Against Candida spp. and Trichosporon spp. (Journal of Medicinal Food)
- Antifungal activity of propolis extract against yeasts isolated from onychomycosis lesions (Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz)
- Antifungal activity of propolis against Candidaspecies isolated from cases of chronic periodontitis (Brazilian Oral Research)
- Comparative effect of propolis of honey bee and some herbal extracts on Candida albicans (Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine)
- etc.

Anti-inflammatory
Coping inflammation.
- Effect of propolis on human cartilage and chondrocytes (Life Sciences)
- Mechanisms involved in the antiinflammatory effect of propolis extract. (Drugs Under Experimental and Clinical Research)
- Propolis and its constituent caffeic acid suppress LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory response by blocking NF-κB and MAPK activation in macrophages (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Th1/Th2 cytokines’ expression and production by propolis-treated mice (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Effects of ethanol and water extracts of propolis (bee glue) on acute inflammatory animal models (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Propolis: Is there a potential for the development of new drugs? (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Ethanol extract of propolis inhibits nitric oxide synthase gene expression and enzyme activity (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PROPOLIS EXTRACTS: A REVIEW (Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins)
- Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effect of Arachic Acid Ethyl Ester Isolated from Propolis (BioMed Research International)
- Antiinflammatory effect of topically applied propolis extract in carrageenan‐induced rat hind paw edema (Phytotherapy Research)
- etc.

Immunomodulator
Helps stimulate immune system.
- Propolis: lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ production (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Effect of propolis, some isolated compounds and its source plant on antibody production (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Immunomodulatory action of propolis on macrophage activation (Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins)
- Immune’s-boosting agent: Immunomodulation potentials of propolis (Journal of Family and Community Medicine)
- Direct and Indirect Mechanism(s) of Antitumour Activity of Propolis and its Polyphenolic Compounds (Planta Medica)
- Immunomodulatory and In Vivo Antiplasmodial Activities of Propolis Extracts (American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology)
- Preliminary Studies of the Immunomodulator Effect of the Propolis Trigona spp. Extract in a Mouse Model (IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science)
- Immunomodulation by water-soluble derivative of propolis: a factor of antitumor reactivity (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Significance of propolis administration for homeostasis of CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells controlling hyperglycemia (SpringerPlus)
- Propolis modulates miRNAs involved in TLR‐4 pathway, NF‐κB activation, cytokine production and in the bactericidal activity of human dendritic cells (Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology)
- etc.

Anti-parasitic
Fights against parasites.
- Propolis extracts are effective against Trypanosoma cruzi and have an impact on its interaction with host cells (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- [An in vitro test of propolis against Trichomonas vaginalis]. (Chinese Journal of Parasitology & Parasitic Diseases)
- Effect of different formulations of propolis on mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice with propolis promotes changes in the immune response (Journal of Ethnopharmacology)
- Parasite Killing of Leishmania (V) braziliensis by Standardized Propolis Extracts (Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine)
- Effect of propolis versus metronidazole and their combined use in treatment of acute experimental giardiasis. (Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology)
- Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. II. Studies on the antiprotozoan activity of ethanol extract of propolis. (Arzneimittel-forschung)
- Characterisation of protease activity in extracellular products secreted by Giardia duodenalis trophozoites treated with propolis (Natural Product Research)
- etc.